A REVIEW ON IMPORTANCE OF ACE INHIBITORS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Keywords:
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, heart failure, hypertension, cardiovascular protection, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors not only have become the cornerstone of the treatment of heart failure but increasingly also play a major role in hypertension and in cardiovascular protection. The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cardiovascular pathology, with excess activities of angiotensin II and of aldosterone contributing to major adverse maladaptive roles. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors act on the crucial enzymes that generate angiotensin II and mediates the breakdown of bradykinin. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors give both primary and secondary protection from cardiovascular diseases.
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References
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4. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe heart failure: results of Co-operative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study.N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1429-1435.
5. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:293-302.
6. Jong P, et al.Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 2003; 361:1843-1848.
7. V-HeFT II Study, Cohn JN, et al.A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrite in the treatment of chronic congestive cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:303-310.
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9. TRACE Study.Kover L, et al.A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infraction.N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-1676.
10. AIRE Study.The effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors’ acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure.Lancet 1993; 342:821-828.
11. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).JAMA 2002; 288:2981-2997.
12. CAPP Study Group, Hansson L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPP) randomized trial.Lancet 1990;353:611-616.
13. STOP-2 Study.Randomized trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish trial in old patients with the hypertension-2 study.Lancet 1999; 354:1751-1756.
14. Bosch J, et al.Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1551-1562.
15. GISSI-3 Study Group.GISSI-3: Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994; 343:1115-1122.
16. PEACE Trial Investigators, Braunwald E, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease.N Engl J Med 2004;351:2058-2068.
17. MICRO-HOPE Study.Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and the MICRO-HOPE substudy.Lancet 2000;355:253-259.
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20. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. A randomized trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack.Lancet 2001; 358:1033-1041.
21. Mark E. Molitch, et al. ACE Inhibitors and Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetes Care, Volume 17, Number 7, July 1994,756-760.
22. Richard J Fluck, Anthony E G Raine, et al. ACE inhibitors in non-diabetic renal disease, Br Heart J (Supplement) 1994; 72: 46-51
23. Gordon T McInnes, Role of ACE inhibitors in hypertension complicated by vascular disease, Br Heart Jf (Supplement) 1994; 72: 33-37.
24. J I S Robertson, Role of ACE inhibitors in uncomplicated essential hypertension, Br Heart J (Supplement) 1994; 72: 15-23.
25. The HOPE Study Investigators, Rationale and Design of a Large Study to Evaluate the Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of an ACE Inhibitor and Vitamin E in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes, Diabetic S Care, Volume 19, Number 11, November 1996,1225-1228.
26. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group, Indications for ACE Inhibitors in the Early Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Overview of Individual Data From 100 000 Patients in Randomized Trials, Circulation: American Heart Association 1998;97:2202-2212.
27. Hazel L. WhiteU, Alistair S. Hall, ACE inhibitors are better than AT1 receptor blockers-ARBs controversies in heart failure, European Journal of Heart Failure 2000. 237-240.
28. Peter Sever, et al.ACE inhibitors in hypertension: Still a shortage of evidence, JRAAS 2000; 1:117-8.
29. Thomas Münzel, John F. Keaney, et al. Are ACE Inhibitors a “Magic Bullet” Against Oxidative Stress? Circulation: American Heart Association 2001; 104:1571-1574.
30. Mario Di Napoli, Francesca Papa, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use Is Associated With Reduced Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein in Patients With First-Ever Ischemic Stroke, Stroke. 2003; 34:2922-2929.
31. Frederick A. Masoudi, Harlan M. Krumholz, et al. National Patterns of Use and Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Older Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction, Circulation: American Heart Association 2004;110:724-731.
32. Dean T. Eurich, Jeffrey A. Johnson, et al. Reduced Mortality Associated With the Use of ACE Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1330–1334.
33. Effie L. Gillespie, Craig I. Coleman, et al. The Impact of ACE Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers on the Development of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care2005; 28:2261–2266.
34. Hongmei Peng, Nour-Eddine Rhaleb, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors A New Mechanism of Action, Circulation: American Heart Association 2005; 112: 2436-2445.
35. J. McMurray et al.Practical recommendations for the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: putting guidelines into practice, The European Journal of Heart Failure 2005; 710– 721.
36. Jeffrey S. Borer, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a landmark advance in treatment for cardiovascular diseases, European Heart Journal Supplements 2007 9 (Supplement E), E2–E9.
37. HL Lazar, et al.All coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients will benefit from Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, circulation: American heart association 2008;117:6-8.
38. Roberto Ferrari, Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: insight into perindopril cardiovascular protection, European Heart Journal Supplements 2008 10 (Supplement G), G13–G20.
39. K Kotseva, D Wood, et al.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16:121-137.
40. Laura C. van Vark, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158 998 patients, European Heart Journal 2012 33, 2088–2097.
41. Samy Suissa, et al.Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: a nested case-control study, BMJ 2013; 346:e8525.
42. Yang Gao, D.William Molloy, et al.Effects of centrally acting ACE inhibitors on the rate of cognitive decline in dementia, BMJ 2013;3:e002881.
2. Opie LH, et al. Controversies in ventricular remodeling.Lancet 2006; 367; 356-367.
3. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, N Engl J Med 1992;327:685-691.
4. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe heart failure: results of Co-operative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study.N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1429-1435.
5. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:293-302.
6. Jong P, et al.Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 2003; 361:1843-1848.
7. V-HeFT II Study, Cohn JN, et al.A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrite in the treatment of chronic congestive cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:303-310.
8. SAVE Study, Pfeffer MA, et al.Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:669-677.
9. TRACE Study.Kover L, et al.A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infraction.N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-1676.
10. AIRE Study.The effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors’ acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure.Lancet 1993; 342:821-828.
11. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).JAMA 2002; 288:2981-2997.
12. CAPP Study Group, Hansson L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPP) randomized trial.Lancet 1990;353:611-616.
13. STOP-2 Study.Randomized trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish trial in old patients with the hypertension-2 study.Lancet 1999; 354:1751-1756.
14. Bosch J, et al.Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1551-1562.
15. GISSI-3 Study Group.GISSI-3: Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994; 343:1115-1122.
16. PEACE Trial Investigators, Braunwald E, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease.N Engl J Med 2004;351:2058-2068.
17. MICRO-HOPE Study.Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and the MICRO-HOPE substudy.Lancet 2000;355:253-259.
18. GISEN Study Group, Ruggenenti P, et al. (Gruppo Italiano Di Studi Epidemiological in Nefrologia). Renal functions and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial.Lancet 1998;352:1252-1256.
19. Giatras I, et al, for the Angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibition and Progressive Renal Disease Study Group. Effect of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:337-345.
20. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. A randomized trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack.Lancet 2001; 358:1033-1041.
21. Mark E. Molitch, et al. ACE Inhibitors and Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetes Care, Volume 17, Number 7, July 1994,756-760.
22. Richard J Fluck, Anthony E G Raine, et al. ACE inhibitors in non-diabetic renal disease, Br Heart J (Supplement) 1994; 72: 46-51
23. Gordon T McInnes, Role of ACE inhibitors in hypertension complicated by vascular disease, Br Heart Jf (Supplement) 1994; 72: 33-37.
24. J I S Robertson, Role of ACE inhibitors in uncomplicated essential hypertension, Br Heart J (Supplement) 1994; 72: 15-23.
25. The HOPE Study Investigators, Rationale and Design of a Large Study to Evaluate the Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of an ACE Inhibitor and Vitamin E in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes, Diabetic S Care, Volume 19, Number 11, November 1996,1225-1228.
26. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group, Indications for ACE Inhibitors in the Early Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Overview of Individual Data From 100 000 Patients in Randomized Trials, Circulation: American Heart Association 1998;97:2202-2212.
27. Hazel L. WhiteU, Alistair S. Hall, ACE inhibitors are better than AT1 receptor blockers-ARBs controversies in heart failure, European Journal of Heart Failure 2000. 237-240.
28. Peter Sever, et al.ACE inhibitors in hypertension: Still a shortage of evidence, JRAAS 2000; 1:117-8.
29. Thomas Münzel, John F. Keaney, et al. Are ACE Inhibitors a “Magic Bullet” Against Oxidative Stress? Circulation: American Heart Association 2001; 104:1571-1574.
30. Mario Di Napoli, Francesca Papa, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use Is Associated With Reduced Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein in Patients With First-Ever Ischemic Stroke, Stroke. 2003; 34:2922-2929.
31. Frederick A. Masoudi, Harlan M. Krumholz, et al. National Patterns of Use and Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Older Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction, Circulation: American Heart Association 2004;110:724-731.
32. Dean T. Eurich, Jeffrey A. Johnson, et al. Reduced Mortality Associated With the Use of ACE Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1330–1334.
33. Effie L. Gillespie, Craig I. Coleman, et al. The Impact of ACE Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers on the Development of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care2005; 28:2261–2266.
34. Hongmei Peng, Nour-Eddine Rhaleb, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors A New Mechanism of Action, Circulation: American Heart Association 2005; 112: 2436-2445.
35. J. McMurray et al.Practical recommendations for the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: putting guidelines into practice, The European Journal of Heart Failure 2005; 710– 721.
36. Jeffrey S. Borer, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a landmark advance in treatment for cardiovascular diseases, European Heart Journal Supplements 2007 9 (Supplement E), E2–E9.
37. HL Lazar, et al.All coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients will benefit from Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, circulation: American heart association 2008;117:6-8.
38. Roberto Ferrari, Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: insight into perindopril cardiovascular protection, European Heart Journal Supplements 2008 10 (Supplement G), G13–G20.
39. K Kotseva, D Wood, et al.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16:121-137.
40. Laura C. van Vark, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158 998 patients, European Heart Journal 2012 33, 2088–2097.
41. Samy Suissa, et al.Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: a nested case-control study, BMJ 2013; 346:e8525.
42. Yang Gao, D.William Molloy, et al.Effects of centrally acting ACE inhibitors on the rate of cognitive decline in dementia, BMJ 2013;3:e002881.
How to Cite
1.
Fatima S, Noor S, Fatima A, Maazuddin M. A REVIEW ON IMPORTANCE OF ACE INHIBITORS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2014Dec.24 [cited 2024May8];1(2):102-9. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/16
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Review Article
