MANAGEMENT OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: A REVIEW ON PERIPHERAL SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS
Keywords:
Pathology, Peripheral Surgical Interventions, Review, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Alcohol
Abstract
Trigeminal Neuralgia or tic douloureux is a disease affecting older patients, and thus office-based “minimally invasive” therapy is inherently attractive. The condition is characterized by paroxysmal pain so excruciating and sudden, like a shock, which lasts a few seconds to two minutes. The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia over the last three centuries has included an assortment of ineffective and bizarre interventions such as hemlock, arsenic, tooth extractions, purging, bleeding, carotid ligation, abdominal steam, and others. In the present era, treatment modalities of trigeminal neuralgia are broadly categorized into medical management, peripheral surgical procedures, and central surgical procedures. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the use of peripheral surgical interventions for the management of this condition.
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References
1. Zakrewska J.M. Medical management of trigeminal neuropathic pains. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11: 1239-54.
2. Merskey H., Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: pain syndromes and definition of pain terms. Second Edition. Seattle: IASP Press. 1994.
3. Katusic S., Beard C.M., Bergstralh E. et al. Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Ann Neurol 1990; 27:89–95.
4. Yoshimasu F., Kurland L.T., Elveback L.R. Tic douloureux in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1969. Neurology 1972; 22:952–956
5. Devor M., Amir R., Rappaport Z.H. Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: The ignition hypothesis. Clin J. Pain 2002;18:4–13
6. Cheshire W.P. Trigeminal neuralgia: For one nerve, a multitude of treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7:1565–79
7. Tomasello F., Alafaci C., Angileri F.F. et al. Clinical presentation of trigeminal neuralgia and the rationale of microvascular decompression. Neurol Sci 2008; 29(Suppl 1):191-95
8. Gnanalingham K., Joshi S.M., Lopez B. et al. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to Chiari’s malformation–Treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surg Neurol 2005; 63:586–88.
9. KW, Kong DS, Hong KS et al (2013) Long-term prognostic factors microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Clin Neurosci 2013, 20:440–45.
10. Nurmikko T.J., Eldridge P.R. Trigeminal neuralgia–Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current treatment. Br J. Anaesth 2001; 87:117–32.
11. Erdem E., Alkan A. Peripheral glycerol injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Retrospective analysis of 157 cases. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59: 1176-79.
12. Spatz A.L., Zakrzewska J.M., Kay E.J. Decision analysis of medical and surgical treatments for trigeminal neuralgia: How patient evaluations of benefits and risks affect the utility of treatment decisions. Pain 2007; 131: 302-10.
13. Cruccu G. et al. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur J. Neurol 2008; 15: 1013-28.
14. Sweet W.H. and Wepsic J.G. Controlled thermocoagulation of trigeminal ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibres, Part 1: Trigeminal Neuralgia. J. Neurosurg 1974; 39: 143-56.
15. Wang D.D. et al. Trends in surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia in the United States of America from 1988 to 2008. J. ClinNeurosci 2013; 20: 1538-45.
16. Dergin G., Gocmen G., Sener B.C. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with bupivacaine HCL using a temporary epidural catheter and pain pump: Preliminary study. J. CraniomaxillofacSurg2012; 40: 124-28.
17. Niall M.H., Patton D.W. Peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 104:12-17.
18. Radwan I.A.M., Saito S., Goto F. High concentration tetracaine for the management of trigeminal neuralgia: Quantitative assessment of sensory function after peripheral nerve block. Clin J. Pain 2001; 17: 323-26.
19. Brito A.J.: Trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Med Port 1999; 12: 187-93.
20. Ziccardi V.B., Janosky J.E., Patterson G.T., Jannetta P.J. Peripheral trigeminal nerve surgery for patients with atypical facial pain. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1994; 22: 355-60.
21. Quinn J.H. Repetitive peripheral neurectomies for neuralgia of second and third divisions of trigeminal nerve. J. Oral Surg 1965; 23: 600-608.
22. Freemont A.J., Millac P. The place of peripheral neurectomy in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Postgrad Med J. 1981 57: 75-79.
23. Bagatin M., Arko V. Later results of peripheral neurectomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Lijec Vijesn 1984; 106: 306-307.
24. Hong-Sai L. Surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26: 613-17.
25. Cerovic R. Neurectomy of the trigeminal nerve branches: Clinical evaluation of an “obsolete” treatment. J. Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 37: 388-91.
26. Tyndal D.A., Gregg J.M. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration following crushing or transection injuries. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1984; 42: 314-18.
27. Oturai A.B., Jensen K., Eriksen J., Madsen F.F. Neurosurgical treatmentof trigeminal neuralgia. A comparative study of alcohol block, neurectomy, and electrocoagulation. UgeskrLaeger 1998; 160: 3909-12.
28. Shah S.A., Khattak A., Shah F.A., Khan Z. The role of peripheral neurectomies in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in modern practice. Pak Oral Dent J. 2008; 28: 237-40.
29. Bhardwaj A., Bhardwaj A., Kaura S., Manghera R. Peripheral neurectomy for trigeminal neuralgia- A retrospective study of 15 patients. Ind J. Dent Sci 2014; 6: 61-3.
30. Mruthyunjaya B., Raju C.G. Trigeminal neuralgia: A comparative evaluation of four treatment procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1981; 52: 126-32.
31. Stookey B., Ransahoff J. Trigeminal neuralgia. Its history and treatment. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas; 1959: 147-165.
32. Zakrzewska J.M. Trigeminal neuralgia. Major problems in neurology, Vol 28. London: Saunders; 1995.
33. Fardy M.J., Patton D.W.P. Complications associated with peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 32:387-91.
34. Richardson M.F., Straka J.A. Alcohol block of the mandibular nerve, report of a complication. J. Nat Med Assoc 1973; 65: 63-4.
35. Gallagher C., Gallagher V., Sleeman D. A study of the effectiveness of peripheral alcohol injection in trigeminal neuralgia and a review of the patient attitudes to this treatment. Ir Med J 2005:98;149-50.
36. Markham J.W. Sudden loss of vision following alcohol block of the infraorbital nerve. J. Neurosurg 1973; 38: 655-65.
37. Hakanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by injection of glycerol in the trigeminal cistern. Neurosurgery 1981; 9: 638-46.
38. Stajcic Z. Peripheral glycerol injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Int J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 18: 255-57.
39. Al- Khateeb T.L. Morphological effects of glycerol on the mental nerve. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85: 248-51.
40. Warraich R.A., Saeed M. Intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Comparison of neurectomy with cryosurgery as a treatment option. The professional 2000; 8: 257-63.
41. Rappaport Z.H. The choice of therapy in medically intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Isr Med Sci 1996; 32: 1232-34.
42. Lunsford L.D., Bennett M.H., Martinez A.J. Experimental trigeminal glycerol injection- Electrophysiologic and morphologic effects. Arch Neurol1985; 42: 146-49.
43. Rengachary S.S., Wantanabe I.S., Single P., Bopp W.J. Effect of glycerol on the peripheral nerve- An experimental study. Neurosurgery 1983; 13: 681-88.
44. Wilkinson H.A. Trigeminal neuralgia peripheral branch phenol/glycerol injections for tic douloureux. J. Neurosurg 1999; 90; 828-32.
45. Fardy M.J., Zakrzewska J.M., Patton D.W. Peripheral surgical techniques for the management of trigeminal neuralgia—alcohol and glycerol injection. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 129: 181-85.
46. Sohail A., Saeed M., Riaz S. Efficacy of peripheral glycerol injection in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Pak Oral Dent J. 2006; 26: 93-96.
47. Halasz I., Zappe L. Local use of streptomycin in the treatment of pain syndromes. IdeggyogySz 1963; 16: 145–151.
48. Kreiner M. Use of streptomycin–lidocaine injections in the treatment of the cluster-tic syndrome. Clinical perspectives and a case report. J. CraniomaxillofacSurg 1996; 24: 289–292.
49. Sokolovic´ M., Todorovic´ L., Stajcic´ Z., Petrovic´ V. Peripheral streptomycin/lidocaine injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Maxillofac Surg 1986;14: 8–9.
50. Stajcic´ Z., Juniper R.P, Todorovic´ L. Peripheral streptomycin/lidocaine injections versus lidocaine alone in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. A double-blind controlled trial. J. Craniomaxillofac Surg 1990; 18: 243–46.
51. Bittar G.T., Graff-Radeford S.B. The effects of streptomycin/lidocaine block on trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Headache 1993; 33: 155–60.
52. Sokoll M.D., Diecke F.P.J. Some effects of streptomycin on frog nerve in vitro. Arch IntPharmacodyn 1969; 177:332-39.
53. Alkadhi K.A, McIssac R.J. Ganglion blocking effects of streptomycin. Arch IntPharmacodyn1978; 232:58-67.
54. Gallagher F., Hanman W. Chronic neuropathic pain: Aminoglycosides, peripheral somatosensory mechanism, and painful disorders. Recent Advances in Anaesth and Analgesia. Churchill Livingstone 1989;16: 191-205.
55. Salim M., Kazi W.A. Postherpetic neuralgia: Use of
Streptomycin- Preliminary report.JCPSP1996; 6: 53-54.
56. Salim B.M., Salim S.A. Role of streptomycin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. JPAD 2000; 11:59.
57. Goto F., Ishizaki K., Yoshikawa D., Obata H., Arii H., Terada M. The long-lasting effects of peripheral nerve blocks for trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine. Pain 1999; 79: 101-103.
58. Amir R., Argoff C.E., Bennett G.J., Cummins T.R., Durieux M.E., Gerner P., et al: The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J. Pain 2006 7: 1-29.
59. Myers R.R., Kalichman M.W., Reisner L.S., Powell H.C. Neurotoxicity of local anaesthetics- Altered perineurial permeability, oedema, and nerve fiber injury. Anesthesiology 1986; 64: 29-35.
60. Arner S, Lindblom U, Meyerson BA, Molander C: Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic blocks. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies. Pain 1990; 43: 287-97.
61. Takahashi, Sato K., Suzuki M., Izuha A., Hayashi S., Isosu T., Murakawa M. Two cases of idiopathic superior laryngeal neuralgia treated by superior laryngeal nerve block with a high concentration of lidocaine. J.Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 237-38.
62. Umino M., Kohase H., Ideguchi S., Sakurai N. Long-term pain control in trigeminal neuralgia with local anaesthetics using an indwelling catheter in the mandibular nerve. Clin J. Pain 2002; 18: 196-99.
63. Trindade De Almeida A.R., Secco L.C., Carruthers A. Handling botulinum toxins: An updated literature review. DermatolSurg 2011; 37:1553–65.
64. Dodick D.W., Mauskop A., Elkind A.H., DeGryse R., Brin M.F., Silberstein S.D. Botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache- Subgroup analysis of patients not receiving other prophylactic medications: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Headache 2005; 45: 315-24.
65. Hu Y. et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review. J. Headache Pain 2013; 14: 72.
66. Kim D.K., Thomas C.A., Smith C., Chancellor M.B. The case for bladder botulinum toxin application. Urol Clin North Am 2006; 33:503-10.
67. Allam N., Brasil-Neto J.P., Brown G., TomazC. Injections of botulinum toxin type A produce pain alleviation in intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J. Pain 2005; 21:182-4.
68. Porta M, Camerlingo M. Headache and botulinum toxin. J. Headache Pain 2005; 6: 325-27.
69. Bohluli B, Motamedi M.H., Bagheri S.C. et al. Use of botulinum toxin A for drug-refractory trigeminal neuralgia: Preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2011; 111:47–50.
70. Turk U., Ilhan S., Alp R. et al. Botulinum toxin and intractable trigeminal neuralgia. ClinNeuropharmacol 2005; 28:161–62.
71. Piovesan E.J., Teive H.G., Kowacs P.A. et al. An open study of botulinum A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 2005; 65:1306–8.
72. Lloyd J.W., Barnard J.D., Glynn C.J. Cryoanalgesia- A new approach to pain relief. Lancet 1976; 2: 932–34.
73. Herzog C.Cryotherapy for genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Medical Dissertation A, Dresden: MedizinischeAkademie, 1985.
74. Pradel W., Hlawitschka M., Eckelt U., Herzog R., Koch K. Cryosurgical treatment of genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Br J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40: 244-47.
75. Eckelt U., Pässler L., Seela W. KryotherapieimoralenBereich. [Cryotherapy in the oral area.] DtschGesundheitsw 1980; 35: 844–45.
76. Zakrzewska J.M. Cryotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia: A 10-year audit. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29: 1–4.
77. Juniper R.P. Trigeminal neuralgia – treatment of the third division by radiologically controlled cryoblockade of the inferior dental nerve at the mandibular lingual: A study of 31 cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29: 154–58.
78. Rowson J.E., Hare J., Rees R.T. Cryotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Oral MaxillofacSurg1991; 29: 285.
2. Merskey H., Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: pain syndromes and definition of pain terms. Second Edition. Seattle: IASP Press. 1994.
3. Katusic S., Beard C.M., Bergstralh E. et al. Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Ann Neurol 1990; 27:89–95.
4. Yoshimasu F., Kurland L.T., Elveback L.R. Tic douloureux in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1969. Neurology 1972; 22:952–956
5. Devor M., Amir R., Rappaport Z.H. Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: The ignition hypothesis. Clin J. Pain 2002;18:4–13
6. Cheshire W.P. Trigeminal neuralgia: For one nerve, a multitude of treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7:1565–79
7. Tomasello F., Alafaci C., Angileri F.F. et al. Clinical presentation of trigeminal neuralgia and the rationale of microvascular decompression. Neurol Sci 2008; 29(Suppl 1):191-95
8. Gnanalingham K., Joshi S.M., Lopez B. et al. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to Chiari’s malformation–Treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surg Neurol 2005; 63:586–88.
9. KW, Kong DS, Hong KS et al (2013) Long-term prognostic factors microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Clin Neurosci 2013, 20:440–45.
10. Nurmikko T.J., Eldridge P.R. Trigeminal neuralgia–Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current treatment. Br J. Anaesth 2001; 87:117–32.
11. Erdem E., Alkan A. Peripheral glycerol injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Retrospective analysis of 157 cases. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59: 1176-79.
12. Spatz A.L., Zakrzewska J.M., Kay E.J. Decision analysis of medical and surgical treatments for trigeminal neuralgia: How patient evaluations of benefits and risks affect the utility of treatment decisions. Pain 2007; 131: 302-10.
13. Cruccu G. et al. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur J. Neurol 2008; 15: 1013-28.
14. Sweet W.H. and Wepsic J.G. Controlled thermocoagulation of trigeminal ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibres, Part 1: Trigeminal Neuralgia. J. Neurosurg 1974; 39: 143-56.
15. Wang D.D. et al. Trends in surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia in the United States of America from 1988 to 2008. J. ClinNeurosci 2013; 20: 1538-45.
16. Dergin G., Gocmen G., Sener B.C. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with bupivacaine HCL using a temporary epidural catheter and pain pump: Preliminary study. J. CraniomaxillofacSurg2012; 40: 124-28.
17. Niall M.H., Patton D.W. Peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 104:12-17.
18. Radwan I.A.M., Saito S., Goto F. High concentration tetracaine for the management of trigeminal neuralgia: Quantitative assessment of sensory function after peripheral nerve block. Clin J. Pain 2001; 17: 323-26.
19. Brito A.J.: Trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Med Port 1999; 12: 187-93.
20. Ziccardi V.B., Janosky J.E., Patterson G.T., Jannetta P.J. Peripheral trigeminal nerve surgery for patients with atypical facial pain. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1994; 22: 355-60.
21. Quinn J.H. Repetitive peripheral neurectomies for neuralgia of second and third divisions of trigeminal nerve. J. Oral Surg 1965; 23: 600-608.
22. Freemont A.J., Millac P. The place of peripheral neurectomy in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Postgrad Med J. 1981 57: 75-79.
23. Bagatin M., Arko V. Later results of peripheral neurectomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Lijec Vijesn 1984; 106: 306-307.
24. Hong-Sai L. Surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26: 613-17.
25. Cerovic R. Neurectomy of the trigeminal nerve branches: Clinical evaluation of an “obsolete” treatment. J. Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 37: 388-91.
26. Tyndal D.A., Gregg J.M. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration following crushing or transection injuries. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1984; 42: 314-18.
27. Oturai A.B., Jensen K., Eriksen J., Madsen F.F. Neurosurgical treatmentof trigeminal neuralgia. A comparative study of alcohol block, neurectomy, and electrocoagulation. UgeskrLaeger 1998; 160: 3909-12.
28. Shah S.A., Khattak A., Shah F.A., Khan Z. The role of peripheral neurectomies in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in modern practice. Pak Oral Dent J. 2008; 28: 237-40.
29. Bhardwaj A., Bhardwaj A., Kaura S., Manghera R. Peripheral neurectomy for trigeminal neuralgia- A retrospective study of 15 patients. Ind J. Dent Sci 2014; 6: 61-3.
30. Mruthyunjaya B., Raju C.G. Trigeminal neuralgia: A comparative evaluation of four treatment procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1981; 52: 126-32.
31. Stookey B., Ransahoff J. Trigeminal neuralgia. Its history and treatment. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas; 1959: 147-165.
32. Zakrzewska J.M. Trigeminal neuralgia. Major problems in neurology, Vol 28. London: Saunders; 1995.
33. Fardy M.J., Patton D.W.P. Complications associated with peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 32:387-91.
34. Richardson M.F., Straka J.A. Alcohol block of the mandibular nerve, report of a complication. J. Nat Med Assoc 1973; 65: 63-4.
35. Gallagher C., Gallagher V., Sleeman D. A study of the effectiveness of peripheral alcohol injection in trigeminal neuralgia and a review of the patient attitudes to this treatment. Ir Med J 2005:98;149-50.
36. Markham J.W. Sudden loss of vision following alcohol block of the infraorbital nerve. J. Neurosurg 1973; 38: 655-65.
37. Hakanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by injection of glycerol in the trigeminal cistern. Neurosurgery 1981; 9: 638-46.
38. Stajcic Z. Peripheral glycerol injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Int J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 18: 255-57.
39. Al- Khateeb T.L. Morphological effects of glycerol on the mental nerve. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85: 248-51.
40. Warraich R.A., Saeed M. Intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Comparison of neurectomy with cryosurgery as a treatment option. The professional 2000; 8: 257-63.
41. Rappaport Z.H. The choice of therapy in medically intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Isr Med Sci 1996; 32: 1232-34.
42. Lunsford L.D., Bennett M.H., Martinez A.J. Experimental trigeminal glycerol injection- Electrophysiologic and morphologic effects. Arch Neurol1985; 42: 146-49.
43. Rengachary S.S., Wantanabe I.S., Single P., Bopp W.J. Effect of glycerol on the peripheral nerve- An experimental study. Neurosurgery 1983; 13: 681-88.
44. Wilkinson H.A. Trigeminal neuralgia peripheral branch phenol/glycerol injections for tic douloureux. J. Neurosurg 1999; 90; 828-32.
45. Fardy M.J., Zakrzewska J.M., Patton D.W. Peripheral surgical techniques for the management of trigeminal neuralgia—alcohol and glycerol injection. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 129: 181-85.
46. Sohail A., Saeed M., Riaz S. Efficacy of peripheral glycerol injection in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Pak Oral Dent J. 2006; 26: 93-96.
47. Halasz I., Zappe L. Local use of streptomycin in the treatment of pain syndromes. IdeggyogySz 1963; 16: 145–151.
48. Kreiner M. Use of streptomycin–lidocaine injections in the treatment of the cluster-tic syndrome. Clinical perspectives and a case report. J. CraniomaxillofacSurg 1996; 24: 289–292.
49. Sokolovic´ M., Todorovic´ L., Stajcic´ Z., Petrovic´ V. Peripheral streptomycin/lidocaine injections in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Maxillofac Surg 1986;14: 8–9.
50. Stajcic´ Z., Juniper R.P, Todorovic´ L. Peripheral streptomycin/lidocaine injections versus lidocaine alone in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. A double-blind controlled trial. J. Craniomaxillofac Surg 1990; 18: 243–46.
51. Bittar G.T., Graff-Radeford S.B. The effects of streptomycin/lidocaine block on trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Headache 1993; 33: 155–60.
52. Sokoll M.D., Diecke F.P.J. Some effects of streptomycin on frog nerve in vitro. Arch IntPharmacodyn 1969; 177:332-39.
53. Alkadhi K.A, McIssac R.J. Ganglion blocking effects of streptomycin. Arch IntPharmacodyn1978; 232:58-67.
54. Gallagher F., Hanman W. Chronic neuropathic pain: Aminoglycosides, peripheral somatosensory mechanism, and painful disorders. Recent Advances in Anaesth and Analgesia. Churchill Livingstone 1989;16: 191-205.
55. Salim M., Kazi W.A. Postherpetic neuralgia: Use of
Streptomycin- Preliminary report.JCPSP1996; 6: 53-54.
56. Salim B.M., Salim S.A. Role of streptomycin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. JPAD 2000; 11:59.
57. Goto F., Ishizaki K., Yoshikawa D., Obata H., Arii H., Terada M. The long-lasting effects of peripheral nerve blocks for trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine. Pain 1999; 79: 101-103.
58. Amir R., Argoff C.E., Bennett G.J., Cummins T.R., Durieux M.E., Gerner P., et al: The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J. Pain 2006 7: 1-29.
59. Myers R.R., Kalichman M.W., Reisner L.S., Powell H.C. Neurotoxicity of local anaesthetics- Altered perineurial permeability, oedema, and nerve fiber injury. Anesthesiology 1986; 64: 29-35.
60. Arner S, Lindblom U, Meyerson BA, Molander C: Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic blocks. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies. Pain 1990; 43: 287-97.
61. Takahashi, Sato K., Suzuki M., Izuha A., Hayashi S., Isosu T., Murakawa M. Two cases of idiopathic superior laryngeal neuralgia treated by superior laryngeal nerve block with a high concentration of lidocaine. J.Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 237-38.
62. Umino M., Kohase H., Ideguchi S., Sakurai N. Long-term pain control in trigeminal neuralgia with local anaesthetics using an indwelling catheter in the mandibular nerve. Clin J. Pain 2002; 18: 196-99.
63. Trindade De Almeida A.R., Secco L.C., Carruthers A. Handling botulinum toxins: An updated literature review. DermatolSurg 2011; 37:1553–65.
64. Dodick D.W., Mauskop A., Elkind A.H., DeGryse R., Brin M.F., Silberstein S.D. Botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache- Subgroup analysis of patients not receiving other prophylactic medications: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Headache 2005; 45: 315-24.
65. Hu Y. et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review. J. Headache Pain 2013; 14: 72.
66. Kim D.K., Thomas C.A., Smith C., Chancellor M.B. The case for bladder botulinum toxin application. Urol Clin North Am 2006; 33:503-10.
67. Allam N., Brasil-Neto J.P., Brown G., TomazC. Injections of botulinum toxin type A produce pain alleviation in intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J. Pain 2005; 21:182-4.
68. Porta M, Camerlingo M. Headache and botulinum toxin. J. Headache Pain 2005; 6: 325-27.
69. Bohluli B, Motamedi M.H., Bagheri S.C. et al. Use of botulinum toxin A for drug-refractory trigeminal neuralgia: Preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2011; 111:47–50.
70. Turk U., Ilhan S., Alp R. et al. Botulinum toxin and intractable trigeminal neuralgia. ClinNeuropharmacol 2005; 28:161–62.
71. Piovesan E.J., Teive H.G., Kowacs P.A. et al. An open study of botulinum A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 2005; 65:1306–8.
72. Lloyd J.W., Barnard J.D., Glynn C.J. Cryoanalgesia- A new approach to pain relief. Lancet 1976; 2: 932–34.
73. Herzog C.Cryotherapy for genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Medical Dissertation A, Dresden: MedizinischeAkademie, 1985.
74. Pradel W., Hlawitschka M., Eckelt U., Herzog R., Koch K. Cryosurgical treatment of genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Br J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40: 244-47.
75. Eckelt U., Pässler L., Seela W. KryotherapieimoralenBereich. [Cryotherapy in the oral area.] DtschGesundheitsw 1980; 35: 844–45.
76. Zakrzewska J.M. Cryotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia: A 10-year audit. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29: 1–4.
77. Juniper R.P. Trigeminal neuralgia – treatment of the third division by radiologically controlled cryoblockade of the inferior dental nerve at the mandibular lingual: A study of 31 cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29: 154–58.
78. Rowson J.E., Hare J., Rees R.T. Cryotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Oral MaxillofacSurg1991; 29: 285.
How to Cite
1.
Khandeparker RVS, Savant K, Jain H, Berwal V. MANAGEMENT OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: A REVIEW ON PERIPHERAL SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2015Jun.10 [cited 2024Dec.22];2(3):430-4. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/103
Section
Review Article
