THE STOLEN DREAMS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Keywords:
Children obesity, plastics, bisphenol A, phthalate
Abstract
For the sake of our future and our children, we need to strive for an answer about the role of complex synthetic chemicals that are involved in our daily life on our health. Such chemicals were supposed to provide a replacement for classical materials used in the synthesis of many things that surround us, including the food utensils. This effect is extended to include childhood obesity. The answer is composite; it does not only require the efforts of the epidemiologists but also the physiologists, molecular biologists, and geneticists. There is mounting interest in understanding the impact of the environmental contaminants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in obesity because by definition these are preventable once identified. Human studies to environmental exposure to EDC in relation to obesity among children need to be encouraged. We need to understand the subtle damage they may cause and the obscure role they play in the childhood obesity epidemic.
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References
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(3) Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: an overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2011; 34:717-732.
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(11) Malik MB. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the United Arab Emirates. Obes Rev 2007; 8:15-20.
(12) Jabre P, Sikias P, Khater-Menassa B, Baddoura R, Awada H. Overweight children in Beirut: prevalence estimates and characteristics. Child Care Health Dev 2005; 31:159-165.
(13) Al Shehri A, Al Fattani A, Al Alwan I. Obesity among Saudi children. Saudi J Obesity 2013; 1:3-9.
(14) Grun F, Blumberg B. Minireview: the case for obesogens. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1127-1134.
(15) Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008; 453:783-787.
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(21) Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN. Environmental estrogens and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:84-89.
(22) Schell LM, Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J. Environmental influences on human growth and development: historical review and case study of contemporary influences. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:459-477.
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(25) Heindel JJ, Levin E. Developmental origins and environmental influences--Introduction. NIEHS symposium. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2005; 73:469.
(26) Heindel JJ. Endocrine disruptors and the obesity epidemic. Toxicol Sci 2003; 76:247-249.
(27) Hauser R, Calafat AM. Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62:806-818.
(28) Koch HM, Calafat AM. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2063-2078.
(29) Buckley JP, Palmieri RT, Matuszewski JM, Herring AH, Baird DD, Hartmann KE, et al. Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012; 22:468-475.
(30) de CM, van de Bor M. Obesogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, what do we know from animal and human studies? Environ Int 2014; 70:15-24.
(31) Schmidt JS, Schaedlich K, Fiandanese N, Pocar P, Fischer B. Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on female fertility and adipogenesis in C3H/N mice. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1123-1129.
(32) Hao C, Cheng X, Guo J, Xia H, Ma X. Perinatal exposure to diethyl-hexyl-phthalate induces obesity in mice. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:725-733.
(33) Bility MT, Thompson JT, McKee RH, David RM, Butala JH, Vanden Heuvel JP et al. Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by phthalate monoesters. Toxicol Sci 2004; 82:170-182.
(34) Desvergne B, Feige JN, Casals-Casas C. PPAR-mediated activity of phthalates: A link to the obesity epidemic? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:43-48.
(35) Maloney EK, Waxman DJ. trans-Activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by structurally diverse environmental chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:209-218.
(36) Janesick A, Blumberg B. Minireview: PPARgamma as the target of obesogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:4-8.
(37) Hatch EE, Nelson JW, Qureshi MM, Weinberg J, Moore LL, Singer M et al. Association of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with body mass index and waist circumference: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data, 1999-2002. Environ Health 2008; 7:27.
(38) Trasande L, Attina TM, Sathyanarayana S, Spanier AJ, Blustein J. Race/ethnicity-specific associations of urinary phthalates with childhood body mass in a nationally representative sample. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:501-506.
(39) Buser MC, Murray HE, Scinicariello F. Age and sex differences in childhood and adulthood obesity association with phthalates: analyses of NHANES 2007-2010. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:687-694.
(40) Teitelbaum SL, Mervish N, Moshier EL, Vangeepuram N, Galvez MP, Calafat AM et al. Associations between phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations and body size measures in New York City children. Environ Res 2012; 112:186-193.
(41) Wetherill YB, Akingbemi BT, Kanno J, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Sonnenschein C, et al. In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:178-198.
(42) vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, Eriksen M et al. Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:131-138.
(43) Dekant W, Volkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results, and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:114-134.
(44) Mielke H, Gundert-Remy U. Bisphenol A levels in blood depend on age and exposure. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:32-40.
(45) Harley KG, Aguilar SR, Chevrier J, Tyler K, Aguirre H, Bradman A et al. Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in childhood in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:514-516.
(46) Wang J, Sun B, Hou M, Pan X, Li X. The environmental obesogen bisphenol A promotes adipogenesis by increasing the amount of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the adipose tissue of children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:999-1005.
(47) Dolinoy DC, Huang D, Jirtle RL. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13056-13061.
(48) Becker K, Goen T, Seiwert M, Conrad A, Pick-Fuss H, Muller J et al. GerES IV: phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:685-692.
(49) Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 308:1113-1121.
(50) Bhandari R, Xiao J, Shankar A. Urinary bisphenol A and obesity in U.S. children. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1263-1270.
(51) Wang HX, Zhou Y, Tang CX, Wu JG, Chen Y, Jiang QW. Association between bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in Chinese schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2012; 11:79.
(52) Li DK, Miao M, Zhou Z, Wu C, Shi H, Liu X, et al. Urine bisphenol-A level in relation to obesity and overweight in school-age children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65399.
(53) Fleisch AF, Sheffield PE, Chinn C, Edelstein BL, Landrigan PJ. Bisphenol A and related compounds in dental materials. Pediatrics 2010; 126:760-768.
(54) Wael M Abdel-Rahman, Yasser M Moustafa, Bassamat O Ahmed, Randa M Mostafa. Endocrine Disruptors and Breast Cancer Risk - Time to Consider the Environment. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5937-5946.
(55) Fisher M, Arbuckle TE, Mallick R, LeBlanc A, Hauser R, Feeley M et al. Bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations: Daily and across pregnancy variability. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014.
(2) Kipping RR, Jago R, Lawlor DA. Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening. BMJ 2008; 337:a1824.
(3) Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: an overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2011; 34:717-732.
(4) Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA 2010; 303:242-249.
(5) Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Harsha DW. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 699:93-103.
(6) Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1650-1656.
(7) Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W, Thompson BH, Witt JD, Rost CA, et al. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Muscatine Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:277-284.
(8) Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73:25-29.
(9) Rolland-Cachera MF, Sempe M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E, Pequignot-Guggenbuhl F, Fautrad V. Adiposity indices in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36:178-184.
(10) Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000; 320:1240-1243.
(11) Malik MB. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the United Arab Emirates. Obes Rev 2007; 8:15-20.
(12) Jabre P, Sikias P, Khater-Menassa B, Baddoura R, Awada H. Overweight children in Beirut: prevalence estimates and characteristics. Child Care Health Dev 2005; 31:159-165.
(13) Al Shehri A, Al Fattani A, Al Alwan I. Obesity among Saudi children. Saudi J Obesity 2013; 1:3-9.
(14) Grun F, Blumberg B. Minireview: the case for obesogens. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1127-1134.
(15) Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008; 453:783-787.
(16) Latini G, Gallo F, Iughetti L. Toxic environment and obesity pandemic: is there a relationship? Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:8.
(17) Foster WG, Agzarian J. Toward less confusing terminology in endocrine disruptor research. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2008; 11:152-161.
(18) Heindel JJ, vom Saal FS. Role of nutrition and environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals during the perinatal period on the etiology of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:90-96.
(19) Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Snyder RJ, Jefferson WN. Perinatal exposure to environmental estrogens and the development of obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:912-917.
(20) Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN, Heindel JJ. Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. Int J Androl 2008; 31:201-208.
(21) Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN. Environmental estrogens and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:84-89.
(22) Schell LM, Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J. Environmental influences on human growth and development: historical review and case study of contemporary influences. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:459-477.
(23) Tabb MM, Blumberg B. New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:475-482.
(24) Garcia-Mayor RV, Larranaga VA, Docet Caamano MF, Lafuente GA. [Endocrine disruptors and obesity: obesogens]. Endocrinol Nutr 2012; 59:261-267.
(25) Heindel JJ, Levin E. Developmental origins and environmental influences--Introduction. NIEHS symposium. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2005; 73:469.
(26) Heindel JJ. Endocrine disruptors and the obesity epidemic. Toxicol Sci 2003; 76:247-249.
(27) Hauser R, Calafat AM. Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62:806-818.
(28) Koch HM, Calafat AM. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2063-2078.
(29) Buckley JP, Palmieri RT, Matuszewski JM, Herring AH, Baird DD, Hartmann KE, et al. Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012; 22:468-475.
(30) de CM, van de Bor M. Obesogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, what do we know from animal and human studies? Environ Int 2014; 70:15-24.
(31) Schmidt JS, Schaedlich K, Fiandanese N, Pocar P, Fischer B. Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on female fertility and adipogenesis in C3H/N mice. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1123-1129.
(32) Hao C, Cheng X, Guo J, Xia H, Ma X. Perinatal exposure to diethyl-hexyl-phthalate induces obesity in mice. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:725-733.
(33) Bility MT, Thompson JT, McKee RH, David RM, Butala JH, Vanden Heuvel JP et al. Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by phthalate monoesters. Toxicol Sci 2004; 82:170-182.
(34) Desvergne B, Feige JN, Casals-Casas C. PPAR-mediated activity of phthalates: A link to the obesity epidemic? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:43-48.
(35) Maloney EK, Waxman DJ. trans-Activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by structurally diverse environmental chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:209-218.
(36) Janesick A, Blumberg B. Minireview: PPARgamma as the target of obesogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:4-8.
(37) Hatch EE, Nelson JW, Qureshi MM, Weinberg J, Moore LL, Singer M et al. Association of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with body mass index and waist circumference: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data, 1999-2002. Environ Health 2008; 7:27.
(38) Trasande L, Attina TM, Sathyanarayana S, Spanier AJ, Blustein J. Race/ethnicity-specific associations of urinary phthalates with childhood body mass in a nationally representative sample. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:501-506.
(39) Buser MC, Murray HE, Scinicariello F. Age and sex differences in childhood and adulthood obesity association with phthalates: analyses of NHANES 2007-2010. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:687-694.
(40) Teitelbaum SL, Mervish N, Moshier EL, Vangeepuram N, Galvez MP, Calafat AM et al. Associations between phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations and body size measures in New York City children. Environ Res 2012; 112:186-193.
(41) Wetherill YB, Akingbemi BT, Kanno J, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Sonnenschein C, et al. In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:178-198.
(42) vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, Eriksen M et al. Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:131-138.
(43) Dekant W, Volkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results, and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:114-134.
(44) Mielke H, Gundert-Remy U. Bisphenol A levels in blood depend on age and exposure. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:32-40.
(45) Harley KG, Aguilar SR, Chevrier J, Tyler K, Aguirre H, Bradman A et al. Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in childhood in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:514-516.
(46) Wang J, Sun B, Hou M, Pan X, Li X. The environmental obesogen bisphenol A promotes adipogenesis by increasing the amount of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the adipose tissue of children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:999-1005.
(47) Dolinoy DC, Huang D, Jirtle RL. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13056-13061.
(48) Becker K, Goen T, Seiwert M, Conrad A, Pick-Fuss H, Muller J et al. GerES IV: phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:685-692.
(49) Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 308:1113-1121.
(50) Bhandari R, Xiao J, Shankar A. Urinary bisphenol A and obesity in U.S. children. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1263-1270.
(51) Wang HX, Zhou Y, Tang CX, Wu JG, Chen Y, Jiang QW. Association between bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in Chinese schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2012; 11:79.
(52) Li DK, Miao M, Zhou Z, Wu C, Shi H, Liu X, et al. Urine bisphenol-A level in relation to obesity and overweight in school-age children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65399.
(53) Fleisch AF, Sheffield PE, Chinn C, Edelstein BL, Landrigan PJ. Bisphenol A and related compounds in dental materials. Pediatrics 2010; 126:760-768.
(54) Wael M Abdel-Rahman, Yasser M Moustafa, Bassamat O Ahmed, Randa M Mostafa. Endocrine Disruptors and Breast Cancer Risk - Time to Consider the Environment. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5937-5946.
(55) Fisher M, Arbuckle TE, Mallick R, LeBlanc A, Hauser R, Feeley M et al. Bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations: Daily and across pregnancy variability. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014.
How to Cite
1.
Mostafa RM, El-Serafi A, Shafei A. THE STOLEN DREAMS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND CHILDHOOD OBESITY. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2015Sep.17 [cited 2024Nov.21];2(5):564-78. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/123
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Review Article
