DEATHS FOLLOWING DROWNING IN CALABAR, NIGERIA FROM 2007-2015
Keywords:
Drowning, Severe Pulmonary oedema, Asphyxia, autopsy
Abstract
Aim & Objectives: To determine the number of deaths following drowning with emphasis on gender, age and possible season of the year that is most vulnerable.
Materials & Method: A total of sixteen (16) bodies of drowned bodies were autopsied in the department of pathology of university of calabar teaching hospital (ucth) from 2007-2015. The cases range from children to adults in a different circumstances and sites of drowning ranging from swimming pool to deep sea (ocean). The age also ranges from 32 weeks to 55 years.
Results: Out of the sixteen cases, twelve were male and the rest four are females giving a ratio of 3:1. The 32 weeks infant male was from a pregnant woman. Most if not all died of severe pulmonary oedema, asphyxia and a few soft tissue injuries; and fracture of the skull.
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References
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14. Whitelaw WA, Mcbride B, ArmarJ, Corbert K. Respiratory Neuromuscular output during breath-holding. Journal of Applied Physiology 1981;50:435-443
15. Harries MG. Near Drowning in man. Critical care medicine 1981; 9:407-408.
16. Orlowski JP. Drowning, near drowning and ice water submersions. Pediatric clinics of North America 1987;34:75-92
17. Ireland AJ, Pathi VL, Crawford R. Extracorporal rewarming of Severe accidental hypothermia victims in accidental and emergency. Journal of Accident and emergency medicine 1997.
18. Walpoth BH, Locher T, Lempi F. Accidental deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary arrest. Extracorporal blood rewarming in eleven patients. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 1990; 4:390-393.
19. Ahmet Guzel, Latif Duran. Drowning and near drowning. Experience of a university hospital in the black sea region. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2013; 55:620-627.
20. Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Smith GS, Kessler EP. Where Children drown, United States, 1995. Pediatrics 2001;108: 85-89.
21. BurfordAE, Ryan LM, Hirshon JM. Drowning and near drowning in Children and Adolescents. A succinct review for emergency Physicians and Nurses. PediatrEmerg care 2005; 21:610-616;quiz 7-9.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Pevention. Nonfatal and Fatal drownings in recreational water Settings- United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2004; 53:447-452.
23. Saidal-odes LR, Almog Y. Near drowning in the Dead Sea: A retrospective observational analysis of 69 patients. IMAJ 2003;5:856-858
24. Szpilman D, Soares M. In water resuscitation- Is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 2004; 63:25-31.
2. Van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D. A new definition of drowning: Towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull world health organ.2005; 83:853-6.
3. Injuries and Violence prevention: Non communicable diseases and mental health: Facts sheet on drowning. Geneva WHO, 2013 (http://www.who.wt/violence_injury_prevention/otherinjury/drowning/en/index;htlm
4. Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM. CDC childhood injury report: Patterns of unintentional injuries among 0- 19years old in US, 2000-2006. Atlanata: Centers for disease Control and Prevention, 2008.
5. LinnanM, Anh LV, Cuong PV. Special Series on Child injury. Child Mortality and injury in Asia: Survey results and evidence. Florence, Italy: Unicef Research Center, 2007.
6. Yagil Y.,ShlnikowiezJ,Michael J. ‘’Near-drowning in Dead sea,’’ Archives of internal medicine,vol 145, No 1, 1985, pp 50-53.
7. Szpilman JJ, BierensML,Handley A J.’’Drowning’’ New England Journal of Medicine,vol 366,No 22,2012 pp 2102-2110.
8. ‘’Drowning’’ Lancet, Vol 292, No 7565, 1968 PP 441- 442.
9. Modell JH. Prevention of needless deaths from drowning. Smith Med. J. 2010; 103:650-3.
10. Bell GS, Gaitatazis A. Drowning in people with epilepsy. How great is the risk? Neurology 2008; 71: 578-82.
11. Salomez F, Vincent JL. Drowning: A review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Treatment and Prevention. Resuscitation 2004:63:261-268
12. Warner Ds, Bierens JJ, Beerman BB, Katz LM. Drowning: A cry for help. Anesthesiology 2009;110:1211-1213
13. Modell Jh, Moya F. Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328:253-256.
14. Whitelaw WA, Mcbride B, ArmarJ, Corbert K. Respiratory Neuromuscular output during breath-holding. Journal of Applied Physiology 1981;50:435-443
15. Harries MG. Near Drowning in man. Critical care medicine 1981; 9:407-408.
16. Orlowski JP. Drowning, near drowning and ice water submersions. Pediatric clinics of North America 1987;34:75-92
17. Ireland AJ, Pathi VL, Crawford R. Extracorporal rewarming of Severe accidental hypothermia victims in accidental and emergency. Journal of Accident and emergency medicine 1997.
18. Walpoth BH, Locher T, Lempi F. Accidental deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary arrest. Extracorporal blood rewarming in eleven patients. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 1990; 4:390-393.
19. Ahmet Guzel, Latif Duran. Drowning and near drowning. Experience of a university hospital in the black sea region. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2013; 55:620-627.
20. Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Smith GS, Kessler EP. Where Children drown, United States, 1995. Pediatrics 2001;108: 85-89.
21. BurfordAE, Ryan LM, Hirshon JM. Drowning and near drowning in Children and Adolescents. A succinct review for emergency Physicians and Nurses. PediatrEmerg care 2005; 21:610-616;quiz 7-9.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Pevention. Nonfatal and Fatal drownings in recreational water Settings- United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2004; 53:447-452.
23. Saidal-odes LR, Almog Y. Near drowning in the Dead Sea: A retrospective observational analysis of 69 patients. IMAJ 2003;5:856-858
24. Szpilman D, Soares M. In water resuscitation- Is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 2004; 63:25-31.
How to Cite
1.
Martin Nnoli, Theophilus Ugbem, Chinenye Nnoli. DEATHS FOLLOWING DROWNING IN CALABAR, NIGERIA FROM 2007-2015. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2016Aug.31 [cited 2024Dec.22];3(04):317-23. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/182
Section
Case Report
