EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF OPHTHALMIC DROPS SOLD IN NIGERIA PHARMACY STORES AND MARKET PLACES

  • Oluwayemisi A. Olorode Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State
  • Ogba M. Ofonime Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
  • Azere E. Orowo Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State
Keywords: Ophthalmic drops, Antimicrobial effectiveness, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Eye drops are sterile liquids for instillation into the conjunctiva sac worldwide; they are formulated and packaged in order to maintain their sterility throughout the period of use. This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmaceutical quality and antimicrobial effectiveness ophthalmic drops offered for sale in Nigeria. A total of thirty-three (33) sterile eye drops of 11 different brands (3 of each) were examined; these include Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Betaxolol, Betamethasone, Artificial tears, Hypromellose, Diclofenac, and Timolol were purchased in pharmacy stores and the other two which are natural drops were purchased from the market and bus vendor (Oster and Quick action). A standardized (using 0.5 Mac Farland turbidity standard) clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were added (according to British and United State Pharmacopoeia) to newly opened eye drops and stored at room temperature away from light. At 1hour, 3days, 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days samples were collected, plated and the number of viable microorganisms was counted after 48hrs incubation at 37oC. Seven 7 (Gentamicin, Betamethasone, Chloramphenicol, Hypromellose, Artificial tears, Ciprofloxacin and Betaxolol)out of the test eye drops had significant antimicrobial activity with their anti-infective having the highest rapidity in bactericidal activity; Timolol and Diclofenac showed a reduced and poor antimicrobial activity. The findings had shown 77.8 of the test eye drops passed the antimicrobial effectiveness test while 22.2% failed. Quick action and Oster were found to contain heavy microbial growth. In conclusion, the ophthalmic drops offered for sale in Nigeria from approved medicine stores are of acceptable standard.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Akers, M. J. and Taylor, C. J. 1990. Official methods of preservative evaluation and testing. In: Guide to Microbiological control in Pharmaceuticals e.d Denyer, S and Baird, R. pp 292- 312 Chichester: Ellis Horwood
2. Akinkunmi E. O. 2013. An Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Quality and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of some frequently used eye drop products available for sale in Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Public health; Vol. 6: pages 221-226
3. British Pharmacopeia Codex (2005). Eye drops and preservatives used in eyedrops. 11thedition .London; The pharmaceutical press. Pages 346-347
4. David, P.F and Malik Y.K. (2009). Preservatives in topical ophthalmic medications; historical and clinical perspectives. Expert Rev Opthalmol 2009; 4(1) 59-64
5. Greyer, O. Bottom, E J. Podos, S. M. 1995. Microbial contamination of medications used to treat glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol Vol. 7 pages 337 – 379
6. Marchese, A. Bozzolasco M. Gualco, L. Schito G. C. and Debbia, E. A. 2001. Evaluation of Spontaneous Contamination of Ocular Medications. Chemotherapy. Vol 47 pages 304- 308 Msagati, A and Titus A.M. (2012).The chemistry of food additives and preservatives. Retrieved from http:/www.eblib.com
5. Nicole Vu, Kevin Nguyen, and Thomas CK (2014). The essentials of United states pharmacopeia chapter 51 antimicrobial effectiveness testing and its application in pharmaceutical compounding. International journal of pharmaceutical compounding Vol. 18. No 2;123-130
6. Rahman, M. O. Tejwani, D. Wilson, J. A. Butcher, I. and Ramaesh, K. 2006. Microbial Contamination of Preservative Free Eye drops in Multiple Application Containers. Br. J Ophthalmol 2 Vol. 90 no 2 pages 138- 141
7. Rosenthal, R. A. Buck, S. I. Henry, C. L. and Schlich, B. A. 2006. Evaluation of the Preserving Efficacy of Lubricant eye drop with a novel preservative system. J.
Ocul Pharmacol Ther Vol. 22 pages 440- 448
8. Samadi, N. Tarighi, P. Fazeli, M. R. and Mehrgan H. 2009. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ophthalmic drops according to the Pharmacopeia Tests Criteria DARU Vol. 17 pages no 1, 13 – 18
9. Schein, O. D. Hibberd, P. L. Starck T. 1992. Microbial Contamination of In uses Ocular Medications. Arch ophthalmol, pages 11082 – 11085
10. Steven, I. D. and Matheson, M. M. 1992. Survey of the Contamination of Eye Drops of Hospital in Patients and Recommendations for the Changing of Current Practice in Eye Drop Dispensing. Br J Opthalmol Vol. 76, pages 36- 38
11. Sunita R. and Andrew I. (2013). Glaucoma medications and their side effects. www.glaucoma.org
12. The International Pharmacopeia TIP. (2015). Ophthalmic products. 5th edition published in accordance with World Health Assembly Resolution. WHA 3.10, WHO Handbook of resolutions and decisions. Vol. 1 page 127.
13. United States Pharmacopeia. 2012. National Formulary 31. Rockville MD, US Pharmacopeia convention inc pages 54 – 55
14. United States Pharmacopeia. 2006. Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing. Rockville MD: The United State Pharmacopeia convention INC; USP (29). Pages 2499 – 2500
16. Williams B. Potter (2011). Steroids ; use with caution and with confidence. Pennsylvania college of optometry. Retrieved from: www.reviewofoptometry.com
How to Cite
1.
Oluwayemisi A. Olorode, Ogba M. Ofonime, Azere E. Orowo. EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF OPHTHALMIC DROPS SOLD IN NIGERIA PHARMACY STORES AND MARKET PLACES. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 1 [cited 2024Mar.29];4(01):109-22. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/222
Section
Original Research Article