CERVICAL CANCER AND ITS AETIOLOGY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
Human papillomavirus, cancer, cervical, intraepithelial lesion
Abstract
Cervical cancer represents a huge burden of non-infectious disease globally. It is the second commonest cancer in the female. There are over half a million deaths recorded every year as result of cervical cancer. The aetiological agent implicated in this disease is the human Papillomavirus. The high-risk human papillomavirus has been mostly implicated. The commonest high-risk human papillomavirus implicated in cervical cancer worldwide is type 16 and 18. The viral infection of the uterine cervical epithelium initially causes the development of precancerous lesions referred to as cervical intraepithelial lesions/squamous intraepithelial lesions which take many years to progress into cancer. The Papanicoulao smear test done for the screening of precancerous cervical lesions has been known to be effective in preventing the disease. The commonest types of cervical cancer are the cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
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References
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2. Ellenson LH, Pirong EC. Cervix: Premalignant and malignant neoplasm. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC (editors) Pathologic basis of disease. 8th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier 2010; 1018-1024.
3. Gopal KS, Romuladus EA, Mohammad S. Global inequalities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality are linked to deprivation, low socioeconomic status,
and human development. International Journal of MCH and AIDS 2012;1(1):17-30.
4. Latest world cancer statistics, the international agency for research on cancer, world health organization: pages1-2 available from http://www.iarc.frlenmediacentre/pr/2013/pdf/pr223_E.pdf ( cited on 22/03/14).
5. Xavier C. Natural history and epidemiology of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 110 (3): 2.
6. Koutsky L. The epidemiology behind the HPV vaccine discovery, Annals of Epidemiology 2009; 19(4): 239-244.
7. Sang -Woo K, Joo-Sung Y. Human papilloma virus type16 E5 protein as a therapeutic target. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52(3): 551-555.
8. Harry WH. Multiple etiology of cancer, a hypothesis. Med Gen Med 2005; 7 (4): 57-61.
9. Huang FY, Kwok YK, Lau ET, Tanq MH, Nq TY, Ngan HY. Genetic abnormalities and HPV status in cervical cancer and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2005;157(1): 42-8.
10. Tavassoli FA, Devilee P. Tumour of the uterine cervix, pathology and genetics: tumors of the breast and female genital organs, World health organization
classification of tumors, Lyon, IARC Press 2003: 260-279
11. Nardelli – Haefliger D, Wirther D, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Hildesheim A, Ponci F et al. Specific antibody levels at the cervix during the menstrual cycle of women vaccinated with human papillomavirus 16 virus-like particles. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95 (15):1128-37.
12. Romanowski MK. ASO4 – Adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 vaccines (Cervarix): a review of its use in the prevention of premalignant
cervical lesions and cervical cancer causally related to certain oncogenic HPV types. Drugs 2011; 71(4): 465-88.
13. Kumar P, Murphy F. Who Is This Man? Francis Peyton Rous. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19 (4): 660 – 663.
14. Mohammed A, Ahmed SA, Oluwole OP, Avidine S. Malignant Tumours Of The Female Genital Tract in Zaria, Nigeria: Analysis of 513 Cases, Ann of Afr Med
2006; 5(2): 93-96.
15. Eileen MB. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16(1): 1-17.
16. Bonnez W, Reichman RC. Papillomaviruses. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE (eds), Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th edition, Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2000: 2035–2049
17. Witkiewicz AK, Wright TC, Ferenczy A, Ronnett BM, Kuman RJ. Carcinoma and other tumors of the cervix In Kuman RJ, Ellenson LH, Ronnet BM. Blaustein
pathology of female genital tract. Sixth edition. New York: Springer Science + Business media 2011; 194-306.
18. Gakidou E, Nodhagen S, Obermeyer Z. Coverage of cervical cancer screening in 57 countries: Low average levels and large inequalities. The Global challenges
of noncommunicable diseases. PLOS/medicine 2008; 5(6):132-34, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050132 (cited on 19/03/14).
19. Claeys P, Onzalez C, Gonzalez M, Page H, Bello RE, Temmerman M. Determinants of cervical cancer screening in an area: results based on a survey in Rivas Nicaragua, Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7(11): 935 – 41.
20. Akarolo-Anthony S, Al-Mujtaba M, Famooto AO, Daring EO, Olaniyan OB, Offiong R et al. HIV associated highrisk HPV infection among Nigerian women. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013; 13: 521-2.
21. Luciani S, Cabanes A, Prieto-Lara E, Gawryszewski V. Cervical and female breast cancers in the Americas: current situation and opportunities for action, Bulletin of the world health organization 2013; 91: 640 - 649. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/ BLT.12.116699 (cited on 02/04/14).
22. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB. Cancer incidence in five continent vol VIII, IARC Scientific Publication No 155, Lyon, France, 2002.
23. Berois N, De Cremoux P, Mazal D. Prevalence and distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in invasive carcinoma of the cervix in Uruguay. Int J Gynaecol Cancer 2013;23(3): 527-32.
24. Bray F, Loos AH, McCarron P, Weiderpass E, Arbyn M, Moller H et al. Incidence trends of adenocarcinoma of the cervix in 13 European countries, Cancer Epidemiol Biom Prev 2005; 14(9): 2191-2199.
25. Sankaranarayanan R, Rajkumar R, Budukh AM. An effective screening programme for cervical cancer in low and middle-income developing countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001; 79(10): 953 – 962.
26. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Plummer M, Munoz N, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: A meta-analysis, British J of Cancer 2003; 88(1): 63-73.
27. Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N, Sherman M, Jansen AM, Peto J et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: A worldwide perspective, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 85(11): 796-802.
28. Usubutun A, Alemany L, Kucukali T, Ayhan A, Yuce K, de Sanjosé S et al. Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer specimen from Turkey. Int J Gynaecol Pathol 2009; 28(6): 541-548.
29. Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B. Human papillomavirus in invasive cervical and high-grade cervical lesion: A metaanalysis update. Int J Cancer 2007; 121(3): 621-632.
30. Okolo C, Franceschi S, Adewole I, Thomas JO, Follen M. Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2000; 5(1): 24-25.
31. Louie KS, Mayaud P, Sanjos SDl. Epidemiology and prevention of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in sub Saharan Africa: a comprehensive review, Trop Med And Intl Health 2009; 14(10): 1287-1302.
32. UNAIDS report on Global AIDS epidemic 2013: Global report: HIV estimates with uncertainty bounds (1990 - 2012). Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria.
33. Fadahunsi OO, Omoniyi- Esan GO, Banjo AAF, Esimai OA, Osiagwu D, Clement F et al. Prevalence Of HighRisk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Types in Cervical Smears of Women Attending Well Woman Clinic in Ile Ife, Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 3: 185-197. doi:10.4172/2161-0932.1000185.
34. Hausen HZ. Papillomaviruses and cancer; from basic studies to clinical application, Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 2: 342-350.
35. Hausen HZ. Papillomavirus causing cancer: Evasion from host – control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 690-8.
How to Cite
1.
Godstime I. Irabor, Ayodele J. Omotoso, Martin A. Nnoli, Kenneth A. Omoruyi, Edoise M. Isiwele. CERVICAL CANCER AND ITS AETIOLOGY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2017Dec.31 [cited 2024May4];4(06):574-81. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/278
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Review Article
