MRSA: THE EVOLVING PATHOGEN, RECENT TRENDS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
Keywords:
Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobials MRSA, Penicillin-binding protein
Abstract
MRSA is often used to describe multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance is mediated by a gene (mecA) that encodes the production of an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), which does not allow for the binding of ß-lactams to the bacterial cell wall, because ß-lactams exert antibacterial activity by binding and inhibiting enzymes necessary for bacterial cell wall synthesis, so these antimicrobials are not effective against MRSA. While infection control initiatives have stemmed the rising prevalence, MRSA remains a significant pathogen with its classified strains such as MRSA (CAMRSA & HA-MRSA), VRSA (VISA-Intermediate & VRSA), MSSA, EMRSA (In Epidemiological settings), LA-MRSA (Live Stock).
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3. Katayama Y, Ito T, Hiramatsu K. A new class of genetic element, Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec, encodes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus
aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1549–55.
4. Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;
53:4961–67.
5. International Working Group on the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements. Currently identified SCCmec types in S. aureus strains. Available at:
http://www.sccmec.org/Pages/SCC_TypesEN. html. Accessed 13 November 2012.
6. Chapter 24, Staphylococci: Methicillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The infectious Diseases Manual David Wilks, Mark Farrington, David Rubenstein
,2003by Blackwell Science Ltd
7. MRSA and the Workplace, CDC, Last updated 9 April 2013, Accessed 11 June 2014.
8. MRSA and the Workplace, CDC, Last updated 9 April 2013, Accessed 11 June 2014.
9. "Symptoms". Mayo Clinic.
10. "ISDA MRSA guidelines" (PDF).
11. Nichols, H. (2015, October 19). "MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatments." Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10634.php.
12. MRSA and the Workplace, CDC, Last updated 9 April 2013, Accessed 11 June 2014.
13 Pallin DJ et al: Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 56:1754, 2013 [PMID:23457080]
14. Lee BK, Crossley K, Gerding DN: The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria. Am J Med 65:303, 1978 [PMID:686015]Parasher A.*& Ranjan K., Med. Res. Chronicles., 6(1), 10-19 2019
15. Thwaites GE et al: Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Lancet Infect Dis 11:208, 2011 [PMID:21371655]
16. Cosgrove SE et al: Initial lowdose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis 48:713, 2009 [PMID:19207079]
17. Heldman AW et al: Oral antibiotic treatment of rightsided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Am J Med 101:68, 1996 [PMID:8686718].
18. Wunderink RG et al: Linezolid in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 54:621, 2012 [PMID:22247123]
19. Catherine Liu, Arnold Bayer Sara E. Cosgrove, Robert S. Daum, Scott K. Fridkin, Rachel J. Gorwitz, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Adolf W. Karchmer, Donald P. Levine, Barbara E. Murray, Michael J. Rybak, David A. Talan, and Henry F. Chambers “Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Adults and Children.”
20. J. David Beckham & Kenneth L. Tyler : Neuro-Intensive Care of Patients withAcute CNS Infections. Neurotherapeutics (2012) 9:124–138 DOI 10.1007/s13311-011-0086-5
21. Francois P and Schrenzel J (2008). "Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus" . Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-29-5.
22. Francois P and Schrenzel J (2008). "Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus". Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-29-5.
23. Mackay IM, ed. (2007). Real-Time PCR in Microbiology: From Diagnosis to Characterization. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-18-9.
24. a b Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2008 Dec 8;8(6): 747-763.
25. a b c Kim, J. Understanding the Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2009;31(3):17- 23.
doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2009.01.002.
26. Keith A. Rodvold1,2 and Kevin W. McConeghy Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Therapy: Past, Present, and Future Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(S1):S20–7
27. CraigWA. Basic pharmacodynamics of antibacterialswith clinical applications to the use of beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. Infect Dis Clin North Am
2003;17(3):479–501
28. Nichols, Hannah. "MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatments." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 19 Oct. 2015. Web. 23 Apr. 2016.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10634.php
29. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:1763–71.
30. Gadepalli 9. R, Dhawan B, Kapil A, Sreenivas V, Jais M, Gaind R, et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue isolates from three Indian hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2009; 73 : 253-63.
How to Cite
1.
Anant Parasher, Kunal Ranjan. MRSA: THE EVOLVING PATHOGEN, RECENT TRENDS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 1 [cited 2024Nov.29];6(1):10-9. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/361
Section
Original Research Article
