Pain management in intensive care unit: A brief review
Keywords:
Analgesia, Intensive care, Pain, Pain scale
Abstract
Pain is a common and major public health problem. It is an unpleasant experience for all patients especially the critical patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), where the majority of the patients are unable to report or express their pain. The adequate pain assessment and management results in a better outcome in ICU patients and if not treated properly, pain can have various acute and chronic adverse effects on the patient’s well-being including post-traumatic stress disorder. Various pain assessment tools including behavioral pain scales are used in ICU. Treatment of pain involves the role of a multidisciplinary team using various therapies to make the patient pain free and comfortable. The assessment of various factors like the conscious level of the patient, presence of mechanical ventilator and various invasive catheters, hemodynamic stability, and presence of organ dysfunction plays an important role in determining the therapeutic option to be used for the treatment of pain.
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References
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13. Payen JF, Bosson JL, Chanques G, Mantz J, Labarere J. Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post hoc analysis of the DOLOREA study. Anesthesiology 2009;111(6):1308–1316.
14. Reade M, Phil D, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2014;370:444–454.
15. Puntillo KA, Max A, Timsit J-F, et al. Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit. The Europain® study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2014;189(1):39–47.
16. Arroyo-Novoa CM, Figueroa-Ramos MI, Puntillo KA, et al. Pain-related to tracheal suctioning in awake acutely and critically ill adults: a descriptive study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2008;24(1):20–27.
17. Li D, Puntillo K, Miaskowski C. A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to selfreport. J Pain. 2008;9(1):2–10.
18. Chanques G, Viel E, Constantin JM, et al. The measurement of pain in the intensive care unit: comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales. Pain. 2010;151(3):711–21.
19. Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(12):2258–63.
20. Gelinas C, Fortier M, Viens C, et al. Pain assessment and management in critically illintubated patients: a retrospective study. Am J Crit Care. 2004;13(2):126–35.
21. Narayanan M, Venkataraju A, Jennings J. Analgesia in intensive care: part 1. BJA Education. 2016;16:72-78.
2. Ferri M, Zygun DA, Harrison A, Stelfox HT. Evidence-based design in an intensive care unit: End-user perceptions. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15(1):57
3. Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263–306.
4. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification ofchronic pain-descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain: IASP Press; 1994. Part III pain terms, a current list with definitions and notes on usage; pp. 207–214.
5. Brennan F, Carr DB, Cousins M. Pain management: a fundamental human right. Anesth Analg 2007;105:205–221.
6. Morone NE, Weiner DK. Pain as the fifth vital sign: exposing the vital need for pain education. Clin Ther. 2013;35(11):1728–1732.
7. Rawal G, Yadav S, Kumar R. Post-intensive Care Syndrome: an Overview. J Transl Int Med. 2017;5(2):90–92. Published 2017 Jun 30. doi:10.1515/jtim-2016-0016
8. Ratzer M, Brink O, Knudsen L, et al. Posttraumatic stress in intensive care unit survivors - a prospective study. Health Psychol Behav Med 2014;2:882–98.
9. Rawal G, Yadav S, Kumar R. PostTraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review from Clinical Perspective. Int J Indian Psychol 2016; 3:156-64.
10. Zetterlund P, Plos K, Bergbom I, et al. Memories from intensive care unit persist for several years—a longitudinal prospective multi-center study. Intensive
Crit Care Nurs. 2012;28(3):159–67.
11. Skrobik Y., Ahern S., Leblanc M., Marquis F., Awissi D. K., Kavanagh B. P. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2010;111(2):451–463.
12. Sacerdote P., Bianchi M., Gaspani L., et al. The effects of tramadol and morphine on immune responses and pain after surgery in cancer patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;90(6):1411–1414.
13. Payen JF, Bosson JL, Chanques G, Mantz J, Labarere J. Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post hoc analysis of the DOLOREA study. Anesthesiology 2009;111(6):1308–1316.
14. Reade M, Phil D, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2014;370:444–454.
15. Puntillo KA, Max A, Timsit J-F, et al. Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit. The Europain® study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2014;189(1):39–47.
16. Arroyo-Novoa CM, Figueroa-Ramos MI, Puntillo KA, et al. Pain-related to tracheal suctioning in awake acutely and critically ill adults: a descriptive study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2008;24(1):20–27.
17. Li D, Puntillo K, Miaskowski C. A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to selfreport. J Pain. 2008;9(1):2–10.
18. Chanques G, Viel E, Constantin JM, et al. The measurement of pain in the intensive care unit: comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales. Pain. 2010;151(3):711–21.
19. Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(12):2258–63.
20. Gelinas C, Fortier M, Viens C, et al. Pain assessment and management in critically illintubated patients: a retrospective study. Am J Crit Care. 2004;13(2):126–35.
21. Narayanan M, Venkataraju A, Jennings J. Analgesia in intensive care: part 1. BJA Education. 2016;16:72-78.
How to Cite
1.
Dr. Gautam Rawal, Dr. Raj Kumar, Dr. Sankalp Yadav, Ms. Sujana R. Pain management in intensive care unit: A brief review. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 2019Dec.31 [cited 2024Dec.22];6(6):302-9. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/404
Section
Review Article
