Risk factors of female reproductive cancers in Indian inhabitants.
Keywords:
Female Reproductive Cancers, Gynecological Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Endometrium Cancer, Vaginal Cancer, Vulvar Cancer
Abstract
Cancers of the female reproductive system are a major cause of mortality in females especially among rural areas where lack of awareness, poverty, and illiteracy still exist. Even though treatments are available, not every individual is capable of bearing expenses. A few preventive measures can be taken against risk factors that have suspect to cause female reproductive cancer in the future. These risk factors include early menarche, child marriages, early pregnancy, age at first childbirth, late menopause, alcohol consumption, obesity, occupational exposure to pesticides, smoking, use of oral contraceptive pills, and cumulative menstrual cycle lifetime. Preventive measures can be taken to avoid risk factors causing female reproductive cancers. Utmost efforts should be made to teach women in early cancer detection by creating awareness of risk factors and symptoms. Gynecological cancer screening helps in early identification and therefore improves the overall outcomes.
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References
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3. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1. 2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase
No. 10 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Lyon (France). 2010.
4. Merritt MA, Cramer DW. Molecular pathogenesis of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Cancer Biomarkers. 2011 (1- 6):287-305.
5. Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: the burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine 24 (Suppl 3): S3/11–25.
6. Bosch FX, Cardis E. Cancer incidence correlations: Genital, urinary, and some tobacco‐related cancers. International journal of cancer. 1990:178-84.
7. Irimie S, Mariana VL, Mirestean IM, Balacescu O, Meda RU, Balacescu L, Berindan-Neagoe I, Buiga R, Ordeanu C, Viorica NA, Irimie A. Risk factors in a sample of patients with advanced cervical cancer. Applied Medical Informatics. 2011:1-0.
8. World Health Organization, Programme on Cancer Control (World Health Organization), the World Health Organization. Reproductive Health. Cervical cancer screening in developing countries: report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization; 2002.
9. Kjaer SK, de Villiers EM, Haugaard BJ, Christensen RB, Teisen C, Møller KA, Poll P, Jensen H, Vestergaard BF, Lynge E, Jensen OM. Human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, and cervical cancer incidence in Greenland and Denmark. A population‐based cross‐sectional study. International journal of cancer. 1988:518- 24.
10. Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni Jr JF, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Oxford University Press.
11. Sreedevi A, Javed R, Dinesh A. Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus on India. International journal of women's health. 2015;7:405.
12. Thakur A, Gupta B, Gupta A, Chauhan R. Risk factors for cancer cervix among rural women of a hilly state: a case-control study. Indian journal of public health.
2015:45.
13. Goodman A. HPV testing as a screen for cervical cancer. BMJ. 2015 350:h2372.
14. Steckley SL, Pickworth WB, Haverkos HW. Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer: Part II: a geographic variability study. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2003:78-83.
15. Purdie DM, Bain CJ, Siskind V, Webb PM, Green AC. Ovulation and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. International ournal of cancer. 2003:228-32.
16. Xu WH, Xiang YB, Ruan ZX, Zheng W, Cheng JR, Dai Q, Gao YT, Shu XO. Menstrual and reproductive factors and endometrial cancer risk: Results from a population‐based case‐control study in urban Shanghai. International journal of cancer. 2004:613-9.
17. Ali AT. Reproductive factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer. 2014:384-93.
18. Karageorgi S, Gates MA, Hankinson SE, De Vivo I. Perineal use of talcum powder and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers.
2010:1269-75.
19. Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH. Cancer nursing: principles and practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2010.
20. Alkatout I, Schubert M, Garbrecht N, Weigel MT, Jonat W, Mundhenke C, Günther V. Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and anagement options. International journal of women's health. 2015;7:305.
21. Dinkelspiel HE, Wright JD, Lewin SN, Herzog TJ. Contemporary clinical anagement of endometrial cancer. Obstetrics and gynecology international. 2013;2013.
22. Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Kubik M, Landefeld CS. Screening for cervical cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama. 2018;320(7):674-86.
23. Blair A, Zahm SH. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environmental health perspectives. 1995;103(suppl 8):205-8.
24. Bankhead CR, Collins C, Stokes‐Lampard H, Rose P, Wilson S, Clements A, Mant D, Kehoe ST, Austoker J. Identifying symptoms of ovarian cancer: a qualitative and quantitative study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;115(8):1008-14.
25. Gong TT, Wang YL, Ma XX. Age at menarche and endometrial cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Scientific reports. 2015 Sep
11;5:14051.
26. El-Moselhy EA, Borg HM, Atlam SA. Cervical Cancer: sociodemographic and clinical risk factors among adult Egyptian females. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1(1):106.
27. Fonseca-Moutinho JA. Smoking and cervical cancer. ISRN obstetrics and gynecology. 2011;2011.
28. Gu W, Chen C, Zhao KN. Obesityassociated endometrial and cervical cancers. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2013;5(1):109-8.
29. Merritt MA, Green AC, Nagle CM, Webb PM, Australian Cancer Study (Ovarian Cancer), and Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Talcum powder, chronic
pelvic inflammation, and NSAIDs about the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2008 1;122(1):170-6.
30. Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. Pesticides, and human chronic diseases: evidence, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.2013
15;268(2):157-77.
31. Weiderpass E, Labrèche F. Malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. InOccupational Cancers 2014 (pp. 409-422). Springer, London.
32. Cibula D, Gompel A, Mueck AO, La Vecchia C, Hannaford PC, Skouby SO, Zikan M, Dusek L. Hormonal contraception and risk of cancer. Human reproduction update. 2010;16(6):631-50.
33. Rodríguez ÁG, López MI, Casillas TÁ, León JA, Mahjoub O, Prusty AK. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in blood of women with uterine cervix cancer. Environmental Pollution. 2017;220:853-62.
How to Cite
1.
Aaron Papade, G. Sandhya Reddy, N. Pravalika, B. Sandeep Kumar. Risk factors of female reproductive cancers in Indian inhabitants. Med. res. chronicles [Internet]. 1 [cited 2024Apr.24];7(3):112-8. Available from: https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/427
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Review Article
