Prevalence and Pattern of Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition at a Tertiary Care Center: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a major health concern in developing countries like India, significantly contributing to pediatric morbidity and mortality. Children with SAM are particularly vulnerable to infections and anemia due to impaired immune response and nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of anemia in children under 60 months diagnosed with SAM.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 11 months at Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences DU, Loni involving 48 children with SAM. Detailed demographic profiles and medical histories were collected using a predesigned proforma. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations, including hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 levels, were performed. Anemia was classified based on hemoglobin levels into mild, moderate, and severe categories.

Results: Results revealed that 37 (77.1%) children were anemic, with 9 (24.3%) having mild anemia, 25 (67.6%) moderate anemia, and 3 (8.1%) severe anemia. Low serum iron levels were identified in 21 (43.8%) children, with a higher prevalence in females. Abnormal ferritin levels were observed in 24 (50%), folate deficiency in 15 (31.3%), and vitamin B12 deficiency in 29 (60.4%) children.

Conclusion: Addressing anemia in children with SAM requires early interventions, starting with maternal nutrition during pregnancy and promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. Continued breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding, and caregiver education during routine child health visits are essential. Preventing, detecting, and managing anemia in children with SAM can significantly reduce associated morbidity and mortality.